Abbreviations

5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid

5-FU 5-fluorouracil

5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

6-MP 6-mercaptopurine

A-a alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient

AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm

AAT α₁-antitrypsin

ABG arterial blood gas

ABI ankle-brachial index

ABVD doxorubicin (Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine

ACE inhibitor angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

ACS acute coronary syndrome; acute chest syndrome

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

AF atrial fibrillation

AFLP acute fatty liver of pregnancy

AFP α-fetoprotein

AGEP acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AIN acute interstitial nephritis

AKI acute kidney injury

ALI acute lung injury

ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma

ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ALT alanine aminotransferase

AML acute myeloid leukemia

ANA antinuclear antibody

anti-CCP anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide

anti-dsDNA anti–double-stranded DNA

anti-HBc antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen

anti-HBe antibodies to hepatitis B e antigen

anti-HBs antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen

anti-RNP antiribonucleoprotein

anti-Sm anti-Smith

AOSD adult-onset Still disease

aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time

AR aortic regurgitation; absolute risk

ARB angiotensin receptor blocker

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARR absolute risk reduction

ART antiretroviral therapy

AS aortic stenosis

ASCA anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies

ASD atrial septal defect

AST aspartate aminotransferase

ATN acute tubular necrosis

ATRA all-trans-retinoic acid

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

AV atrioventricular

AVM arteriovenous malformation

BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin

β-hCG beta-human chorionic gonadotropin

BID twice daily

BMI body mass index

BNP B-type natriuretic peptide

BOOP bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia

BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia

BUN blood urea nitrogen

CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery

CAD coronary artery disease

c-ANCA cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

CAP community-acquired pneumonia

CAUTI catheter-associated urinary tract infection

CBC complete blood count

CF cystic fibrosis

CFS chronic fatigue syndrome

CH₅₀ total hemolytic complement

CHD coronary heart disease

CI confidence interval

CK creatine kinase

CKD chronic kidney disease

CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CML chronic myeloid leukemia

CMR cardiac magnetic resonance (imaging)

CMV cytomegalovirus

CNS central nervous system

COP cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP continuous positive airway pressure

CPDD calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease

CPPD calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

CRP C-reactive protein

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

CT computed tomography

CTA computed tomography angiography

CTEPH chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

CUP carcinoma of unknown primary

CVI common variable immunodeficiency

CVP central venous pressure

DBP diastolic blood pressure

DDAVP 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

DHEAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

DI diabetes insipidus

DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation

DIP distal interphalangeal

DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis

DLCO diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide

DMARD disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

DVT deep venous thrombosis

E. coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

EA early antigen

EBNA Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen

EBV Epstein-Barr virus

ECG electrocardiogram

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EEG electroencephalogram

EF ejection fraction

EHEC enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMG electromyography

EN erythema nodosum

ENT ear, nose, and throat

ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ESLD end-stage liver disease

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate

FAB French-American-British (classification system)

FE_NA fractional excretion of sodium

FEV₁ forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FFP fresh frozen plasma

FIO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen

FMF familial Mediterranean fever

FNAB fine-needle aspiration biopsy

FOBT fecal occult blood testing

FSH follicle-stimulating hormone

FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

FVC forced vital capacity

G6PD glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAHS Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score

GBM glomerular basement membrane

GDM gestational diabetes mellitus

GE gastroesophageal

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease

GFR glomerular filtration rate

GH growth hormone

GI gastrointestinal

GU genitourinary

GVHD graft-versus-host disease

H₂ receptor blocker histamine-2 receptor antagonist

HACE high-altitude cerebral edema

HAE hereditary angioedema

HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia

HAPE high-altitude pulmonary edema

HAV hepatitis A virus

HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen

HBIG hepatitis B immune globulin

HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen

HBV hepatitis B virus

HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

HCV hepatitis C virus

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HELLP hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and a low platelet count

HF heart failure

HGA human granulocytic anaplasmosis

HIDA hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

HITT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HLA human leukocyte antigens

HME human monocytic ehrlichiosis

HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

HPA human platelet antigen

HPV human papillomavirus

HRCT high-resolution CT

HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

HSV herpes simplex virus

HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome

IBD inflammatory bowel disease

IBS irritable bowel syndrome

ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator

ICH intracerebral hemorrhage

ICU intensive care unit

IE infective endocarditis

IGF-I insulin-like growth factor 1

IgM anti-HAV IgM antibodies to hepatitis A virus

IGRA interferon-γ release assays

IM intramuscular

INR international normalized ratio

IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

ITP immune thrombocytopenic purpura

IV intravenous

IVC inferior vena cava

KOH potassium hydroxide

LAD left anterior descending (coronary artery)

LBBB left bundle-branch block

LDH lactate dehydrogenase

LDL low-density lipoprotein

LES lower esophageal sphincter

LH luteinizing hormone

LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

LKM liver-kidney microsome

LMWH low-molecular-weight heparin

LR likelihood ratio

LTBI latent tuberculosis infection

LV left ventricular

LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction

LVH left ventricular hypertrophy

LVRS lung volume reduction surgery

MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors

MAP mean arterial pressure

MCP metacarpophalangeal

MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCTD mixed connective tissue disease

MCV mean corpuscular volume

MDF Maddrey Discriminant Function

MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease

MDS myelodysplastic syndromes

MELD Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia

MET metabolic equivalent

MG myasthenia gravis

MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

MHA-TP microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies

MI myocardial infarction

MIBG metaiodobenzylguanidine

MICU medical intensive care unit

MMR measles, mumps, rubella

MPGN membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

MPO myeloperoxidase

MR mitral regurgitation

MRA magnetic resonance angiography

MRCP magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MS mitral stenosis; multiple sclerosis

MSSA methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

MTP metatarsophalangeal

MVP mitral valve prolapse

NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NALD nonalcoholic liver disease

NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

NMO neuromyelitis optica

NNH number needed to harm

NNRTIs non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

NNT number needed to treat

NPH intermediate-acting insulin or Lente

NPV negative predictive value

NPPV noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

NRTIs nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

NSCLC non–small cell lung cancer

NSTEMI non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

NYHA New York Heart Association

OA osteoarthritis

OCP oral contraceptive pill

OR odds ratio

OSA obstructive sleep apnea

PAD peripheral arterial disease

p-ANCA perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

PCI percutaneous coronary intervention

PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PDE-5 phosphodiesterase type 5

PDSA Plan-Do-Study-Act

PE pulmonary embolism

PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure

PEF peak expiratory flow

PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PET positron emission tomography

PID pelvic inflammatory disease

PIP proximal interphalangeal

PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder

PMN polymorphonuclear

PMS premenstrual syndrome

PNH paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

PPD purified protein derivative

PPI proton pump inhibitor

PPV positive predictive value

PSA prostate-specific antigen

PT prothrombin time

PTH parathyroid hormone

PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder

PTT partial thromboplastin time

PUD peptic ulcer disease

PV polycythemia vera

PVC premature ventricular complex

QTc calculated QT

RA rheumatoid arthritis

RADT rapid antigen detection test

RAST radioallergosorbent test

RBBB right bundle-branch block

RCRI Revised Cardiac Risk Index

RDW red cell distribution width

RF rheumatic fever

RLS restless legs syndrome

RMSF Rocky Mountain spotted fever

ROC receiver operating characteristic

RR relative risk

RTA renal tubular acidosis

rtPA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator

RUQ right upper quadrant

RV right ventricular

SAAG serum-ascites albumin gradient

SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage

SBP systolic blood pressure; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

SC subcutaneous

SCAR severe cutaneous adverse reactions

SCC squamous cell carcinoma

SCLC small cell lung cancer

SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

SICU surgical intensive care unit

SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome

SJS Stevens-Johnson syndrome

SLE systemic lupus erythematosus

SRA serotonin release assay

SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

STI sexually transmitted infection

SVT supraventricular tachycardia

T₃ triiodothyronine

T₄ free thyroxine

TB tuberculosis

TBW total body water

Tdap diphtheria and reduced tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine

TEE transesophageal echocardiography

TEN toxic epidermal necrolysis

TIA transient ischemic attack

TIBC total iron-binding capacity

TID three times daily

TIMI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (risk score)

TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

TLC total lung capacity

TNF tumor necrosis factor

tPA tissue plasminogen activator

TPN total parenteral nutrition

TPPA Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay

TR tricuspid regurgitation

TRALI transfusion-related acute lung injury

TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone

TST tuberculin skin testing

TTE transthoracic echocardiography

TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

TURP transurethral resection of the prostate

UACS upper airway cough syndrome

UAG urinary anion gap

UFH unfractionated heparin

UGI upper gastrointestinal

ULN upper limit of normal

URI upper respiratory tract infection

UTI urinary tract infection

VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia

VCA viral capsid antigen

VDRL Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory

VF ventricular fibrillation

VO₂ low peak oxygen uptake

V/Q ventilation/perfusion

vs. versus

VSD ventricular septal defect

VT ventricular tachycardia

VTE venous thromboembolism

vWD von Willebrand disease

vWF von Willebrand factor

WHO World Health Organization

WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White

x-ray radiograph